A least-squares formulation of the Navier-Stokes, EGG, and linear elasticity equations provides a number of benefits to solving coupled systems problems, including: optimal finite element approximation in a desirable norm (H^1), optimal multilevel solver performance, optimal scalability, and a sharp a posteriori error measure. The optimality and performance of the formulation has been demonstrated extensively in 2-D for a variety of problems, including the fully coupled fluid-elastic system. However, as expected, the extension to 3-D brings new challenges for both the whole and the individual parts of the coupled system.
Some of the issues associated with the extension to 3-D have been partially or fully addressed, such as: growing complexity in the multilevel solver, iteration schemes between the components of the fully coupled system, extension to parallel computers, and proper scaling of the equations. Other questions we are only beginning to answer, including the handling of singularities, p-refinement and choice of least-squares formulation.